{"id":35478,"date":"2023-07-28T13:59:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T12:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=35478"},"modified":"2023-07-28T13:59:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T12:59:55","slug":"why-do-stars-twinkle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/why-do-stars-twinkle\/35478\/","title":{"rendered":"Why do stars twinkle?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Astrophysicists at the Flatiron Institute have created the first-ever simulations to show how convection in the cores of massive stars generates waves that cause them to twinkle.<\/h2>\n

The question, \u2018why do stars twinkle?\u2019, has long been pondered.<\/p>\n

Now, first-of-their-kind computer simulations show why stars twinkle \u2013 due to the churning in a star\u2019s depth.<\/p>\n

By closely observing the innate twinkling of stars, the simulations could one day be used to discover what goes on inside stars larger than our Sun.<\/p>\n

At the moment, however, the effects are too small for current telescopes to pick up. But this could change with improved telescopes.<\/p>\n

Matteo Cantiello, a research scientist at the Flatiron Institute\u2019s Centre for Computational Astrophysics (CCA), said: \u201cWe\u2019ll be able to see the signature of the core which will be quite interesting because it will be a way to probe the very inner regions of stars.\u201d<\/p>\n

The paper, \u2018The photometric variability of massive stars due to gravity waves excited by core convection<\/a>,\u2019 is published in the journal Nature Astronomy. <\/em><\/p>\n

The inner regions of stars are able to provide valuable insight into our Universe<\/h3>\n

Uncovering the answer to \u2018why do stars twinkle?\u2019 will provide greater insight into the formation of our Universe.<\/p>\n

For example, understanding the core of stars will help astronomers learn how stars form and evolve<\/a>, how galaxies assemble, and how heavy elements such as the oxygen we breathe are created.<\/p>\n

\u201cMotions in the cores of stars launch waves like those on the ocean,\u201d said study lead author Evan Anders, a postdoctoral researcher at Northwestern University.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen the waves arrive at the star\u2019s surface, they make it twinkle in a way that astronomers may be able to observe. For the first time, we have developed computer models which allow us to determine how much a star should twinkle as a result of these waves.<\/p>\n

“This work allows future space telescopes to probe the central regions where stars forge the elements we depend upon to live and breathe.\u201d<\/p>\n

How does the convection in a star\u2019s core affect its ability to twinkle?<\/h3>\n

The new simulations also widen a stellar mystery.<\/p>\n

Astronomers have consistently observed an unexplained pulsing, or red noise, that causes fluctuations in the brightness of hot, massive stars.<\/p>\n

Previously, it was argued that the convection in a star\u2019s core causes it to twinkle and flicker.<\/p>\n

However, the new simulations show that the twinkling of the star induced by core convection is too faint to match the observed red noise.<\/p>\n

Therefore, the researchers argue that something else must be responsible.<\/p>\n

The scientists studied the star\u2019s brightness<\/h3>\n

A star\u2019s convection is powered by the nuclear reactor at its core. Here, intense pressure squeezes hydrogen atoms together to form helium atoms and excess energy.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a9 shutterstock\/Nazar Yosyfiv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This energy generates heat, causing clumps of plasma to rise. This convection is turbulent like a pot of boiling water, generating waves like those found in Earth\u2019s oceans.<\/p>\n

The waves then ripple outward to the star\u2019s surface where they compress and decompress the star\u2019s plasma. This causes the star to twinkle \u2013 resulting in the brightening and the dimming of the star\u2019s light.<\/p>\n

By studying why a star twinkles, the team realised they may be able to identify what is happening inside the core.<\/p>\n

Simulating the wave generation of a star<\/h3>\n

However, the researcher\u2019s realised that studying the wave generation and propagation in a computer is extremely difficult. This is because while a wave-generating flow in the star\u2019s core lasts a few weeks, waves generated can stick around for thousands of years.<\/p>\n

Connecting different timescales posed a serious challenge.<\/p>\n

Inspired by music<\/h3>\n

To combat this challenge, the team was inspired by the sound waves that make up music, realising that the convection-induced wave generation in the core is like a group of musicians in a concert hall.<\/p>\n

The team found that they could calculate an unaltered song of the convection-induced waves and then apply a filter that replicated the star\u2019s acoustic properties.<\/p>\n

The method was tested using sound waves from real music, including \u2018Jupiter\u2019 from Gustav Holst\u2019s orchestral suite, \u2018The Planets\u2019, and \u2018Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.\u2019<\/p>\n

The team simulated how those sound waves would bounce around inside stars of different sizes.<\/p>\n

Flickering light was caused but not at the right intensity and frequency<\/h3>\n

After the approach was validated, the researchers simulated the convection-induced waves and resulting starlight fluctuations of stars whose masses are three, 15, and 40 times that of our Sun.<\/p>\n

For all three sizes, core convection was the answer to the question \u2018why do stars twinkle?\u2019.<\/p>\n

However, the flickering light found near the surface was not at the frequencies or intensities characteristic of the red noise astronomers had seen.<\/p>\n

Convection may be responsible for the red noise, but it would likely be far nearer to the star\u2019s surface and therefore less telling of what\u2019s going on in the star\u2019s deep interior.<\/p>\n

The researchers are improving their simulations<\/h3>\n

Now, the team are improving their simulations to consider additional effects, such as the rapid spinning of a star around its axis. This is a common feature of stars bigger than our Sun.<\/p>\n

They aim to find out if fast-spinning stars have a strong enough flickering induced by core convection to be picked up by current telescopes.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s an interesting question we\u2019re hoping to get an answer to,\u201d Cantiello stated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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