{"id":28137,"date":"2022-12-08T11:10:05","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T11:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=28137"},"modified":"2022-12-08T11:10:05","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T11:10:05","slug":"unique-gamma-ray-burst-defies-current-formation-theories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/unique-gamma-ray-burst-defies-current-formation-theories\/28137\/","title":{"rendered":"Unique gamma-ray burst defies current formation theories"},"content":{"rendered":"

A long-duration gamma-ray burst observed in 2021 has forced scientists to create a new formation model.<\/h2>\n

An international team of astrophysicists has reported the discovery of a unique cosmological gamma-ray burst (GRB) that defies current theories of how the violent cosmic explosions form. This exceptional burst has resulted in a new proposed model, or source, for certain types of gamma-ray bursts.<\/p>\n

The study, \u2018A long-duration gamma-ray burst with a peculiar origin<\/a>,\u2019 is published in the journal Nature. <\/em><\/p>\n

What is a gamma-ray burst and how is one formed?<\/h3>\n

Gamma-ray bursts are luminous and violent explosions that signify the deaths of stars or collisions of stellar remnants. Typically, observed gamma-ray bursts can be placed into two categories, either short- or long-duration GRBs.<\/p>\n

A long gamma-ray burst is formed from the death of massive stars and is usually associated with bright optical transients called supernovae. Short gamma-ray bursts originate from the collisions of two neutron stars<\/a> or a neutron star and a black hole, and have a duration of fewer than two seconds. These gamma-ray bursts are associated with more faint optical transients known as kilonovae.<\/p>\n

For many years, gamma-ray bursts have been able to fit comfortably into these categories. However, this is set to change with the discovery of a unique gamma-ray burst.<\/p>\n

Detecting the unique gamma-ray burst<\/h3>\n

On 11 December 2021, a gamma-ray burst triggered several gamma-ray detectors in space, including NASA\u2019s Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. This GRB, with a reported duration of around 70 seconds, would usually be regarded as a normal long gamma-ray burst. However, with the input of multiple teams from the US and Europe, a surprising signature was discovered.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis GRB includes two parts: a 13-second long hard spike and a 55-second softer extended emission,\u201d said UNLV alumnus and study corresponding author Bin-Bin Zhang, who\u2019s currently with China\u2019s Nanjing University. \u201cThe duration of the 13-second hard spike should have completely excluded this burst from the short GRB category.\u201d<\/p>\n

Instead of expectedly showing a much brighter supernova, the observation was consistent with a kilonova, which is usually associated with a short GRB.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a9 iStock \/ sakkmesterke<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cSuch a peculiar GRB was the first of its kind ever detected,\u201d said UNLV astrophysics professor Bing Zhang, co-corresponding-author of the paper. \u201cThis discovery not only challenged our understanding of GRB origins, it also requires us to consider a new model for how some GRBs form.\u201d<\/p>\n

Developing a new formation model<\/h3>\n

The researchers believe that this unique GRB, known as GRB 211211A, is likely to be formed through a collision between a neutron star and a white dwarf \u2013 a WD-NS merger.<\/p>\n

White dwarfs are Earth-sized objects that form from the death of low-mass stars \u2013 those with a mass smaller than about eight of our Suns. Neutron stars form when more massive stars, that have a mass between eight and 20 Suns, die off. Black holes are formed when even larger stars die.<\/p>\n

Massive, low-density stars form long-duration GRBs, and high-density stars, including neutron stars, make short-duration GRBs. According to Zhang, white dwarfs have intermediate densities, making them ideal origins for the type of gamma-ray burst discovered in 2021. This is because it displays a long duration without the involvement of a massive star.<\/p>\n

\u201cDespite the relatively large number of GRBs observed each year, the unique signature of GRB 211211A pushed the envelope of our current categorial systems and required a new way of thinking,\u201d said Zhang. \u201cAfter careful review, the only merger scenario that made sense was that of a white dwarf and neutron star.\u201d<\/p>\n

The researchers developed a detailed model to interpret the peculiar kilonova signature observed by GRB 211211A. Artificial Intelligence then found that if a WD-NS merger leaves behind a rapidly spinning neutron star, known as a magnetar, the energy injection from the magnetar, combined with the nuclear reaction energy from the material thrown during the burst, can account for the kilonova emission observed for GRB 211211A.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A long-duration gamma-ray burst, observed in 2021, has forced scientists to create a new model for certain type of bursts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":28145,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[818,3477],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnique gamma-ray burst defies current formation theories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A long-duration gamma-ray burst, observed in 2021, has forced scientists to create a new model for certain type of bursts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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