{"id":26352,"date":"2022-10-18T10:08:37","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T09:08:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=26352"},"modified":"2022-10-18T10:08:37","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T09:08:37","slug":"decarbonising-shipping-industry-crude-sugar-oil-e-fuels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/decarbonising-shipping-industry-crude-sugar-oil-e-fuels\/26352\/","title":{"rendered":"Vertoro plan to decarbonise the shipping industry with crude sugar oil e-fuels"},"content":{"rendered":"

For billions of years, sugars fuelled nearly all living organisms. Here, Dr Michael Boot of Vertoro<\/a> explains how crude sugar oil can help fuel their customers\u2019 decarbonisation journey.<\/h2>\n

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2<\/sub> to produce so-called e-fuels is frequently touted these days as a breakthrough technology that could play a large role in decarbonising the transport sector. It may therefore come as a surprise to learn that DAC of CO2<\/sub> to sugars, achieved by means of photosynthesis, is over three billion years old. This arguably makes sugars, notably glucose, the most ancient of e-fuels, given that nearly all flora and fauna \u2013 past, present, and future \u2013 convert(ed) glucose through cellular respiration (i.e., oxidation) into chemical energy and heat.<\/p>\n

\"E-fuels\"
Fig. 1: Natural DAC of CO2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Glucose as an e-fuel<\/h3>\n

This \u2018godfather of e-fuels\u2019 is produced at a scale of roughly 100 billion tons per annum, mostly in the form of cellulose \u2013 a polymer of glucose units. Importantly, this figure dwarfs the mere five billion tons or so of fossil oil pumped out of the ground each year.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, neither cellulose nor glucose have ever been used to fuel a manmade internal combustion engine (ICE). The distinction \u2018manmade\u2019 has been added because all flora and fauna are, by design, internal combustion engines running on sugar (glucose). This begs the question, why not use glucose as an e-fuel to help decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors like shipping?<\/p>\n

The answer is a practical one. Glucose is solid at room temperature and internal combustion engines generally run on liquid or gaseous fuels. Moreover, it is insoluble in all commercially deployed fuels; be it the apolar, petroleum-based sort, such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), or of the less common polar variety, such as methanol or ethanol.<\/p>\n

Finding a solvent for glucose<\/h3>\n

To resolve this mismatch, we need to find a cheap, sustainable, and non-toxic solvent for glucose that is somehow also compatible with commonly used transport fuels. Mother Nature uses water as this solvent. Of course, water and oil do not mix readily, as a kitchen sink experiment will quickly attest.<\/p>\n

One way to overcome this is to use a so-called surfactant. In everyday use at home, we use soap as a surfactant to mix oil and water. Surfactants are molecules that have a water-loving or hydrophilic head with an oil-loving or lipophilic tail. In our case, the water-loving end must be compatible with a high concentration of non-crop sugars dissolved in water \u2013 crude sugar oil (CSO\u2122) \u2013 with the oil-loving end being amenable to HFO.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fig. 2: Surfactants<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Both the use of water and sugars in HFO might sound a bit out there. In fact, there are positive effects of oil and water emulsions on hazardous engine emissions. The presence of water improves the fuel atomisation process (especially if the oil droplets are under 10 microns) and lowers the combustion temperature, thereby curbing soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, respectively.<\/p>\n

Adding water-soluble advanced biofuels to the mix also is not new. Quadrise<\/a>, a London-based fuel innovator, is actively trialing (on a large container vessel in commercial service) bioMSAR\u2122 \u2013 an emulsion of HFO in water and glycerin \u2013 a by-product from biodiesel production \u2013 together with MSC, the world\u2019s largest container shipping company. Before that, the same company ran oil-in-water emulsion fuel (MSAR\u00ae) container vessel trials with Maersk, the world\u2019s second largest shipping company.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fig. 3: The emulsification process<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In chemical nomenclature, glycerin belongs to a class of carbohydrates called sugar alcohols and occurs naturally in fermented foods and beverages, including beer, honey, and wine. Substituting glycerin for sugars in such emulsion formulations might therefore be possible as well.<\/p>\n

Indeed, stable bioMSAR\u2122 emulsions were successfully prepared by the Quadrise laboratory based on replacing glycerin with second-generation (advanced) sugars, mainly xylose and glucose, that were produced by Vertoro from lignocellulosic forestry residues.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Fig. 4: BioMSAR\u2122 blend, comprising CSO and HFO<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Using sugars directly in engines rather than first fermenting these to ethanol, as is the default fuel valorization route for sugars today, is attractive for several reasons. First of all, half of the carbon in sugar is lost to CO2<\/sub> during the fermentation process.<\/p>\n

Second, as fermentation takes place in an aqueous environment, isolating ethanol by subsequent distillation is highly energy and capital intensive, not least because water and ethanol form an azeotrope, which requires a particularly complex, multistage evaporation process to separate the two compounds.<\/p>\n

Will sugar help to decarbonise the container shipping sector? Follow our progress online with Quadrise and stay tuned.<\/p>\n

Please note, this article will also appear in the twelfth edition of our\u00a0<\/i><\/strong>quarterly publication.<\/b><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr Michael Boot of Vertoro explains how crude sugar oil e-fuels can help to decarbonise the shipping industry.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":26357,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24204],"tags":[529,24134,24449],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDecarbonising the shipping industry with crude sugar oil e-fuels<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dr Michael Boot of Vertoro explains how crude sugar oil e-fuels can help to decarbonise the shipping industry.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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