{"id":19890,"date":"2022-03-29T15:08:13","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T14:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=19890"},"modified":"2024-09-04T21:03:58","modified_gmt":"2024-09-04T20:03:58","slug":"producing-quantum-dots-regular-arrangement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/producing-quantum-dots-regular-arrangement\/19890\/","title":{"rendered":"Producing quantum dots in a regular arrangement"},"content":{"rendered":"

Researchers from the Universit\u00e4t Bochum (RUB)<\/a> and the Technical University of Munich (TUM)<\/a>\u00a0have developed a technique to improve the manufacturing process of producing quantum dots.<\/h2>\n

Quantum dots<\/a> are semiconductor particles that are a few nanometres in size. They have optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum mechanics. Producing quantum dots could be used to constitute the basic information units of quantum computers.<\/p>\n

In collaboration with colleagues from Copenhagen and Basel, researchers from Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum (RUB) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have decisively improved the manufacturing process for these tiny semiconductor structures.<\/p>\n

The quantum dots are generated on a wafer, which is a thin semiconductor crystal disc. Currently, the density of such structures on the wafer has been challenging to control. Now, researchers can create specific arrangements in a targeted manner \u2013 an important step towards an applicable component that would be expected to have a large number of quantum dots.<\/p>\n

The team published its findings on 28 March 2022 in the journal Nature Communications.<\/em> The study was conducted by a research group led by Nikolai Bart, Professor Andreas Wieck and Dr Arne Ludwig from the RUB Chair of Applied Solid State Physics. They worked in cooperation with the team led by Christian Dangel and Professor Jonathan Finley from the TUM Semiconductor Nanostructures and Quantum Systems research group and colleagues from the Universities of Copenhagen and Basel.<\/p>\n

\"quantum
The moir\u00e9 pattern: here, a green screen was photographed with a digital camera. Both the monitor and the semiconductor chip in the digital camera have a regular pixel grid. The superposition of the two grids and minimal distortions in the image generation by the optical lens system result in strong image artefacts<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Producing quantum dots<\/h3>\n

Quantum dots are narrowly defined areas in a semiconductor in which, for instance, a single electron can be confined. This can be manipulated from the outside, such as with light, so that information can be stored in the quantum dot. The researchers from Bochum created structures on a wafer made of a semiconductor material that is about the size of a beer coaster. The quantum dots have a diameter of only about 30 nanometres.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur quantum dots used to grow like mushrooms in the forest,\u201d described Andreas Wieck. \u201cWe knew that they would emerge somewhere on the wafer, but not exactly where.\u201d<\/p>\n

Preliminary cultivation experiments<\/h3>\n

In a number of preliminary experiments, the team of researchers had already tried to influence the growth of the quantum dots on the wafer. The physicists had irradiated the wafer at individual points with focused ions, thus creating defects in the semiconductor crystal lattice. Acting like condensation nuclei, these defects provoked the growth of quantum dots.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut just as cultivated mushrooms taste somewhat bland while forest mushrooms taste great, the quantum dots created in this way were not as high quality as the naturally grown quantum dots,\u201d illustrated Andreas Wieck. They did not radiate light as perfectly as anticipated.<\/p>\n

Therefore, the team proceeded with the naturally grown quantum dots. For the experiments, the wafer was cut into millimetre-small rectangles. They couldn\u2019t analyse the whole wafer at once, because the vacuum chamber of the RUB apparatus was not large enough. However, the researchers observed that certain wafer rectangles contained many quantum dots, while others contained few. \u201cAt first, we didn\u2019t notice any system behind it,\u201d Andreas Wieck recalled.<\/p>\n

\"producing
Measurement of a wafer (red circle): The colour scale shows how much light the quantum dots on the wafer emit at wavelengths between 1,000 and 1,300 nanometres \u2013 the higher the emission, the higher the density of quantum dots. The dotted lines show the chessboard-like progression of high quantum dot densities.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

High-quality quantum dots<\/h3>\n

To explore the question in depth, the Bochum research team collaborated with their colleagues at the TUM, who had a measuring device with a larger sample chamber at their disposal at an early stage. During these analyses, the group discovered that there was a strange distribution of areas with high and low quantum dot densities on the wafer.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe structures were strongly reminiscent of a moir\u00e9 pattern that often occurs in digital images,\u201d explained Arne Ludwig. \u201cI soon hit on the idea that it must actually be a concentric pattern, i.e., rings, and that these could be seen in correlation to our crystal growth.\u201d Measurements with higher resolution indeed showed that the density of quantum dots was distributed concentrically. Subsequently, the researchers confirmed that this arrangement was due to the manufacturing process.<\/p>\n

In the first step, the wafer is coated with additional atomic layers. Due to the geometry of the coating system, this creates ring-shaped structures that have a complete atomic layer, i.e., where no atom is missing at any point in the layer.<\/p>\n

Between the rings, similarly wide areas are formed that lack a complete atomic layer and thus have a rougher surface due to missing individual atoms. This has consequences for the growth of the quantum dots. \u201cTo stick with the image: rather than on a concreted surface, mushrooms prefer to grow on forest floor, i.e., on the rough spots on the wafer,\u201d concluded Andreas Wieck.<\/p>\n

\"quantum
Part of the research team: Hans-Georg Babin, Peter Zajac, Nikolai Spitzer and Nikolai Bart (left to right) in front of a coating unit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The researchers optimised the coating process so that the rough areas appeared at regular intervals \u2013 of less than a millimetre \u2013 on the wafer and that the rings intersected. This resulted in an almost chessboard-like pattern with quantum dots of high quality, as demonstrated by the researchers from Basel and Copenhagen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Researchers from the Universit\u00e4t Bochum (RUB) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM)\u00a0have developed a technique to improve the manufacturing process of producing quantum dots. Quantum dots are semiconductor particles that are a few nanometres in size. They have optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum mechanics. Producing quantum dots […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":19903,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24615],"tags":[24128,17008],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nProducing quantum dots in a regular arrangement<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers have developed a new technique to improve the manufacturing process of producing quantum dots in a regular arrangement.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/producing-quantum-dots-regular-arrangement\/19890\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta 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