{"id":18026,"date":"2022-02-09T10:35:40","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T10:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=18026"},"modified":"2022-02-09T10:55:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T10:55:31","slug":"james-webb-space-telescope-first-designs-final-destination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/james-webb-space-telescope-first-designs-final-destination\/18026\/","title":{"rendered":"James Webb Space Telescope: From first designs to final destination"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ellen Watson, Digital Editor at Innovation News Network<\/em>, explores the mission journey of the James Webb Space Telescope, from design through to launch.<\/h2>\n

The mission journey of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) began in 1995, when the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) committee recommended the production of a significantly larger telescope that was capable of observing infrared light. As a result, NASA selected the Goddard Space Flight Center and STScI to study the feasibility of this next-generation space telescope.<\/p>\n

\"James
\u00a9 NASA\/Chris Gunn
Arianespace\u2019s Ariane 5 rocket with NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope onboard, is seen at the launch pad on 23 December 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What is the James Webb Space Telescope?<\/h3>\n

The JWST is an international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency<\/a>, and the Canadian Space Agency<\/a>. Often referred to as the Webb, it is the largest telescope ever to be deployed into space, with its primary mirror being approximately 6.5m (21.3ft) wide. The JWST is a space-based observatory optimised for infrared wavelengths, intended to complement and further the discoveries made by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). It has been designed with improved sensitivity and longer wavelength coverage, allowing the telescope to observe further back in time to discover the first galaxies that formed in the early Universe, looking into dust clouds in which stars and planetary systems are currently forming.<\/p>\n

The JWST was originally labelled the \u2018Next Generation Space Telescope\u2019 (NGST), due to its ability to build on and continue the scientific exploration commenced by the Hubble Space Telescope. JWST is also considered a \u2018next generation\u2019 telescope due to its engineering innovations, establishing new technologies such as the lightweight, 21-foot, deplorable primary mirror.<\/p>\n

On 10 September 2002, the NGST was renamed the \u2018James Webb Space Telescope\u2019 in honour of James E Webb (1906-1992), NASA\u2019s second administrator. Webb is best known for leading Apollo, a series of lunar exploration programmes that achieved the deployment and arrival of the first humans on the Moon.<\/p>\n

The role of the James Webb Space Telescope<\/h3>\n

The JWST is optimised to provide a completely new perspective of our Universe in extraordinary detail. This will enable astronomers to study the Universe in greater depths and investigate unknown concepts, such as the formation and origin of galaxies and exoplanets. It is also anticipated to provide insights into the nature of dark energy and dark matter, that currently remain somewhat of a mystery. In addition, JWST will observe every kind of cosmic object we can possibly see, from distant alien worlds and black holes, to galaxies, supernovae, and violent collisions between dense stars.<\/p>\n

The reason this space telescope technology was required to capture this data as opposed to an Earth-bound telescope is that Earth\u2019s atmosphere is nearly opaque and glows brightly at most of the infrared wavelengths that Webb will observe, so a cold telescope in space is essential. For wavelengths that are transmitted to the ground, the Earth\u2019s atmosphere blurs the images. At present, adaptive optics systems can correct this blurring but only over small fields of view near bright stars that function as reference beacons, allowing access to only a small fraction of the sky.<\/p>\n

\"JWSP\"
\u00a9 NASA
The primary mirror of NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope consists of 18 hexagonal mirrors<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mission launch<\/h3>\n

After various construction challenges and delays, the JWST finally arrived at its launch site in October 2021, travelling by boat from California to Europe\u2019s Spaceport in French Guiana, South America.<\/p>\n

The JWST was launched on 25 December 2021 at 7:20 am EST (12:20 UTC) on an Ariane 5 ECA rocket, after roughly 25 years of development.<\/p>\n

Following its successful launch, the JWST deployed its complex sunshield on 4 January 2022. The sunshield is a critical feature that the observatory will utilise to keep its instruments cold over the course of the mission. The unfolding of this sunshield marked the end of one of the most complicated stages of deployment that the observatory had to achieve to function properly while in space.<\/p>\n

On 8 January 2022, JWST deployed its 21-foot, gold-coated primary mirror, officially and successfully completing the final stage of all major spacecraft deployments to prepare for science operations. JWST requires the unfolding mirror as, due to its enormity, it could not fit in the launch shroud of current rockets. The mirror must be large to observe the faint light from the first star-forming regions and very small details at infrared wavelengths. The mirrors are gold-coated, again to optimise them for infrared light.<\/p>\n

Final destination – L2<\/h3>\n

On 24 January 2022, the JWST reached its final destination and settled into its concluding orbit at the second Sun-Earth Lagrange Point, also known as L2. As the Hubble Space Telescope orbits Earth, the JWST will instead orbit the Sun, 1.5 million km away from Earth, at L2. The JWST\u2019s orbit will keep the telescope aligned with Earth as our planet orbits the Sun. This alignment is important as it protects the telescope from the heat released by the Sun, Earth, and Moon.<\/p>\n

The L2 destination point is ideal for JWST because the gravitational forces of the Sun and Earth will help to ensure that the spacecraft does not need to rely on using much thrust to remain in orbit. It will also allow the telescope to have an unobstructed view of the Universe, unlike Hubble which moves in and out of the Earth\u2019s shadow every 90 minutes. In addition, the position of JWST also means that a continuous and stable communication between teams on Earth and the space observatory is possible using the Deep Space Network. JWST will orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point for a period of six months.<\/p>\n

The next stage of the JWST mission, while orbiting L2, is the cooling process and an eventual instrument turn-on, testing, and calibration. The telescope mirror alignment and calibration will begin when the temperatures fall within range for the instruments to be enabled.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a9 NASA\/Bill Ingalls
Arianespace\u2019s Ariane 5 rocket launched with NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope onboard on 25 December 2021<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

JWST Mission Timeline1<\/sup><\/h3>\n
1995-1996<\/h5>\n

An STScI committee recommends a significantly larger telescope capable of observing infrared light. NASA selects Goddard Space Flight Center and STScI to study the feasibility of the Next Generation Space Telescope<\/p>\n

10 September 2002<\/h5>\n

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) renamed James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)<\/p>\n

2004<\/h5>\n

Construction begins on certain telescope parts, including Webb\u2019s science instruments and the 18 segments of the primary mirror<\/p>\n

2005<\/h5>\n

NASA approves the use of European Space Agency\u2019s Ariane 5 rocket to launch JWST into space<\/p>\n

2010<\/h5>\n

Webb passes its mission critical design review, which signifies that the integrated observatory will meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission<\/p>\n

2011<\/h5>\n

Webb\u2019s mirrors are completed<\/p>\n

2013<\/h5>\n

The two side \u2018wings\u2019 of Webb\u2019s backplane structure are completed by Northrop Grumman and ATK<\/p>\n

2014<\/h5>\n

Manufacturing of the spacecraft parts (fuel tanks, gyroscopes and solar panels) begins<\/p>\n

2017<\/h5>\n

The Optical Telescope Element successfully undergoes cryogenic testing in a giant thermal vacuum chamber called Chamber A at Johnson Space Center<\/p>\n

2020<\/h5>\n

Webb is fully folded for the first time and completes final environmental testing to prove it can withstand the shaking and jostling of the launch environment. Webb\u2019s sunshield is also deployed for the final time on Earth<\/p>\n

11 May 2021<\/h5>\n

Opened Webb\u2019s iconic primary mirror wings for the last time while it is on Earth<\/p>\n

12 Oct 2021<\/h5>\n

JWST successfully arrived in French Guiana on Tuesday, after a 16-day journey at sea<\/p>\n

21 Dec 2021<\/h5>\n

Launch Readiness Review successfully completed<\/p>\n

23 Dec 2021<\/h5>\n

JWST rolls to the pad aboard an Ariane 5 ECA rocket<\/p>\n

25 Dec 2021<\/h5>\n

Launched at 7:20 am EST on an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from Europe\u2019s Spaceport in French Guiana, South America<\/p>\n

04 Jan 2022<\/h5>\n

Sunshield successfully deployed<\/p>\n

08 Jan 2022<\/h5>\n

Deployed its 21-foot, gold-coated primary mirror, successfully completing the final stage of all major spacecraft deployments to prepare for science operations<\/p>\n

24 Jan 2022<\/h5>\n

JWST reached its final destination and settled into its final orbit at the second Sun-Earth Lagrange point<\/p>\n

This timeline depicts the key events in the JWST mission journey. Information correct at the time of publishing.<\/em><\/p>\n

References<\/h4>\n

1: https:\/\/webbtelescope.org\/webb-science\/the-observatory\/mission-timeline<\/p>\n

Please note, this article will also appear in the ninth edition of our\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>quarterly publication<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ellen Watson, Digital Editor at Innovation News Network, explores the mission journey of the James Webb Space Telescope, from design through to launch. The mission journey of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) began in 1995, when the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) committee recommended the production of a significantly larger telescope that was capable […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":18044,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[3477,809],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJames Webb Space Telescope: From first designs to final destination<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Innovation News Network's Ellen Watson explores the mission journey of the James Webb Space Telescope, from design through to launch\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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