{"id":16890,"date":"2022-01-11T15:15:49","date_gmt":"2022-01-11T15:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=16890"},"modified":"2022-01-11T15:15:49","modified_gmt":"2022-01-11T15:15:49","slug":"genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/","title":{"rendered":"Genome turned off in CLASSY gene diversifies epigenomes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Researchers from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salk Institute for Biological Studies (SIBS)<\/a> have discovered that the CLASSY gene family regulates which parts of the genome are turned off in a tissue-specific manner.<\/h2>\n<h3>What is a genome?<\/h3>\n<p>A genome is responsible for what parts of each cell is working at any given time, and the parts of the genome that are turned on or off in each cell or tissue play an important role in regulating the growth and development of each cell.<\/p>\n<h3>The CLASSY gene<\/h3>\n<p>The CLASSY genes essentially control where the genome is marked by DNA methylation, which is the addition of methyl chemical groups to the DNA that act like tags saying, \u2018turn off.\u2019 DNA methylation exists across diverse organisms, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/common-plants-pollinators-anchors-ecosystems\/10836\/\">plants<\/a> and animals, and as a result this research has broad implications for both agriculture and medicine. This study was published in <em>Nature Communications<\/em> on 11 January 2022 and identifies the CLSY genes as major factors underlying epigenetic diversity in plant tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Julie Law, senior author and associate professor in Salk\u2019s Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory explained: \u201cThere have been many observations that one cell or tissue type has a different DNA methylation pattern than another, but how the methylation pathways are modulated to end up with different outcomes in different tissues has remained poorly understood.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe found that which\u00a0CLSYs are expressed in a given tissue is the mechanism controlling how the core DNA methylation machinery is directed to different genomic locations in different tissues.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>DNA methylation<\/h3>\n<p>This study of DNA methylation falls under the field of epigenetics, which are molecular modifications that change how the DNA functions without changing the DNA sequence itself. It is considered both a necessary process and a dangerous one. This is because, while it helps to establish cell identity in a developing embryo, it can also cause cancer later in life. In plants, defects in DNA methylation can cause developmental defects and negatively impact crop yields.<\/p>\n<p>DNA methylation is regulated by many factors, including certain types of small RNAs. Working with the model plant\u00a0<em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em>, the Salk team discovered that the CLASSY gene family (CLSY\u00a01\u20134) acts at different locations within the genome, depending on the tissue. This reveals that diverse patterns of methylation are generated during plant development.<\/p>\n<p>This current study is an expansion on a previous study conducted by Law and her team; they found that in\u00a0<em>Arabidopsis<\/em>, the\u00a0CLSY<em>\u00a0<\/em>genes determine which sites in the genome are methylated, via small RNAs. The present study addresses the larger question of whether this process can result in different methylation patterns in different<em>\u00a0Arabidopsis<\/em>\u00a0tissues, such as the leaf, flower bud, ovule, and rosette.<\/p>\n<p>The team of researchers found that\u00a0the CLSY<em>\u00a0<\/em>genes were expressed differently depending on the plant tissue type. For example, all four\u00a0of the CLSY\u00a0genes were expressed in flower buds, while\u00a0the CLSY3\u00a0was strongly expressed in ovules and\u00a0the CLSY1<em>\u00a0<\/em>was expressed in leaf and rosette tissues.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers then compared plants with mutant\u00a0CLSY\u00a0genes against wild-type plants. They found that depending on the tissue, different combinations of\u00a0CLSY<em>\u00a0<\/em>family members, or even individual CLSY proteins, controlled small RNA and DNA methylation patterns at thousands of sites throughout the genome. These findings demonstrate the\u00a0CLSY\u00a0genes\u2019 role in shaping the tissues\u2019 epigenetic landscape.<\/p>\n<p>The team\u2019s discoveries may open the door to advances in many areas, from boosting crop yields in plants to informing precision medicine in humans. \u201cBefore knowing how a diversity of DNA methylation patterns was generated during development, we didn\u2019t have the ability to manipulate that system. Finding that the CLSY\u2019s control methylation in a tissue-specific manner represents a major advance as it provides scientists a way to alter DNA methylation patterns with much higher precision,\u201d concluded Law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchers from Salk Institute for Biological Studies (SIBS) have discovered that the CLASSY gene family regulates which parts of the genome are turned off in a tissue-specific manner. What is a genome? A genome is responsible for what parts of each cell is working at any given time, and the parts of the genome that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":16897,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[766,24429],"tags":[550,3475,768],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Genome turned off in CLASSY gene diversifies epigenomes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers have discovered that the CLASSY gene family regulates which parts of the genome are turned off in a tissue-specific manner.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Genome turned off in CLASSY gene diversifies epigenomes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Researchers have discovered that the CLASSY gene family regulates which parts of the genome are turned off in a tissue-specific manner.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Innovation News Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InnoNewsNetwork\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-11T15:15:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Genome.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kim Rushton\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@InnoNewsNetwork\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@InnoNewsNetwork\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kim Rushton\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kim Rushton\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/#\/schema\/person\/962e02f6d63ad8d651ee1a73b58716c0\"},\"headline\":\"Genome turned off in CLASSY gene diversifies epigenomes\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-11T15:15:49+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-11T15:15:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/\"},\"wordCount\":634,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/genomes-turned-classy-gene-diversifies-epigenomes\/16890\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Genome.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Agriculture\",\"Biology\",\"Cancer\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Research &amp; 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