{"id":16490,"date":"2021-12-14T13:56:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-14T13:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=16490"},"modified":"2021-12-14T13:56:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T13:56:00","slug":"four-earth-science-missions-undertaken-nasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/four-earth-science-missions-undertaken-nasa\/16490\/","title":{"rendered":"Four\u00a0Earth science missions to be undertaken by NASA"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In\u00a02022, four\u00a0separate\u00a0Earth science missions will be launched by NASA.\u00a0They intend to\u00a0investigate fundamental climate systems and processes. This means\u00a0examining\u00a0extreme storms, surface water, oceans and atmospheric dust.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">NASA already has an advantageous view of Earth from space, due to the fleet of Earth-observing satellites that provide high quality data on the planet\u2019s interconnected environment. In order to gather specific data on other components, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA<\/a> intents to send more satellites into space in four separate Earth science missions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Planned\u00a0Earth science\u00a0missions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The\u00a0Earth science\u00a0missions planned will provide Blackwell and his team with the opportunity to gain knowledge on four specific components:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) intended to gather improved and rapid measurements relating to tropical cyclones.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) will trace the origin and composition of mineral dust that can affect climate, ecosystems, air quality, and human health with an\u00a0imaging spectrometer aboard the International Space Station.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\u2019s Joint Polar Satellite System will help scientists to predict extreme weather conditions such as wildfires, floods, and volcano eruptions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) will evaluate the world\u2019s oceans and their role in climate change, as well as monitor lakes, rivers and other bodies of water.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tropical\u00a0cyclones<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The TROPICS Earth science mission intends to improve the observation quality of tropical cyclones. A total of six TROPICS satellites will work together to take microwave observations of a storm\u2019s precipitation, temperature and humidity. It is expected that this data will help scientists understand the factors that drive tropical cyclone intensification, as well help to determine weather forecasting models.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The\u00a0satellites\u00a0that\u00a0will be deployed\u00a0in pairs, in three different orbits,\u00a0are roughly the size of a loaf of bread,\u00a0and will carry a miniaturised microwave radiometer instrument.\u00a0In this Earth science mission, the small stature\u00a0will allow the satellites to collectively observe the Earth\u2019s surface more frequently than current weather satellites, greatly increasing the data available for\u00a0more accurate\u00a0weather forecasts.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This\u00a0Earth science mission is expected to have deployed the required satellites by 31<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">st<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0July 2022. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/novel-rocket-test-facility-underway-scotland\/16419\/\">launch<\/a> will be managed by NASA\u2019s launch services program, taking place at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Blackwell and his team are eager for this mission to take place, and all the possibilities that can emerge from the data they collect. \u201cThe coolest part of this program is its impact on helping society. These storms affect a lot of people. The higher frequency observations provided by TROPICS have the potential to support weather forecasting that may help people get to safety sooner,\u201d said Blackwell.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mineral dust<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">EMIT will be considering mineral dust on this\u00a0Earth science mission, more specifically how wind kicks up dust from the Earth\u2019s arid regions and transports\u00a0the mineral\u00a0particles around the world.\u00a0This dust can influence the balance between the energy that comes towards the Earth from the Sun, the energy that the Earth\u00a0reflects\u00a0out into space\u00a0(also known as radiative forcing),\u00a0and\u00a0as a result,\u00a0the temperature of the planet\u2019s surface and atmosphere.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Darker, iron-laden minerals tend to absorb energy. This leads to\u00a0a rise in environmental temperature, whereas brighter, clay-containing particles scatter light in a way that leads to\u00a0cooling. Thus, mineral dust can affect\u00a0not only regional and global warming, but also the health of the people worldwide, and can trigger blooms of microscopic algae when deposited into the ocean.\u00a0The goal of this earth science mission is to map where the dust originates and to estimate its composition so that scientists can better understand how it impacts the planet.\u00a0In order to gain the required data, EMIT will use an instrument called an \u2018imaging\u00a0spectrometer\u2019 that measures visible and infrared light that is reflected from surfaces below. The data collected can then reveal the distinct light-absorbing signatures of the minerals in the dust that helps to determine its composition.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This Earth science mission is targeted to launch in 2022. EMIT\u00a0has\u00a0a year long prime mission, and installation\u00a0will take place on the International Space Station.\u00a0\u201cEMIT will close a gap in our knowledge about arid land regions of our planet and answer key questions about how mineral dust interacts with the Earth system,\u201d said Dr Robert Green, EMIT principal investigator at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Extreme weather conditions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In order to forecast extreme storms in advance, specific data is required. Capturing the precise measurements of the temperature and moisture in our atmosphere, along with ocean surface temperatures, allows severe weather conditions to be predicted with enough notice to provide warning. It is the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites that provides this critical information to forecasters and first responders. These satellites also provide data about floods, wildfires, volcanoes, smog, dust storms and sea ice, all of which is vital knowledge for researchers on this Earth science mission. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cJPSS satellites are a vital component of the global backbone of numerical weather prediction,\u201d said JPSS Program Science Adviser Dr Satya Kalluri.\u00a0The JPSS satellites circle Earth from the North to the South Pole, taking data and images as they fly. As\u00a0the planet\u00a0rotates under these satellites, they observe every part of the planet at least twice a day, allowing critical Earth science data to be collected.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Suomi-NPP (National Polar\u00a0Orbiting\u00a0Partnership) and NOAA-20 satellites are currently in orbit. The JPSS-2 satellite is targeted to launch in 2022 from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket. Three more satellites will launch in coming years, providing data well into the 2030s. NASA&#8217;s Launch Services Program, based at the agency&#8217;s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, will manage the launch service\u00a0of this Earth science mission.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Oceans and their role in climate change<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">SWOT\u2019s Earth science mission will investigate how much water Earth\u2019s oceans, lakes and rivers contain. This will further scientist\u2019s understanding into the impact of climate change on freshwater bodies, and the ocean\u2019s ability to absorb excess heat and green house gases. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The satellite utilised for this\u00a0Earth science mission will\u00a0use the\u00a0ka-band\u00a0radar\u00a0interferometer to measure the height of water.\u00a0This measurement is taken from the interferometer\u00a0bouncing radar\u00a0pulses off the water\u2019s surface, with the return signals being received with two different antennas at the same time. This technique allows scientists to\u00a0receive an accurate measurement for the height of the water.\u00a0This data is important\u00a0for projects\u00a0including,\u00a0tracking regional\u00a0shifts\u00a0in sea level, monitoring changes in river\u00a0flow and the amount of water stored in lakes, as well as determining how much freshwater is available to communities around the world.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The launch of the satellite intended for this Earth science mission will be managed by NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program and is targeted for November 2022. SWOT will launch the satellite on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. \u201cSWOT will address the ocean\u2019s leading role in our changing weather and climate and the consequences on the availability of freshwater on land,\u201d concluded Dr. Lee-Lueng Fu, SWOT project scientist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In\u00a02022, four\u00a0separate\u00a0Earth science missions will be launched by NASA.\u00a0They intend to\u00a0investigate fundamental climate systems and processes. This means\u00a0examining\u00a0extreme storms, surface water, oceans and atmospheric dust.\u00a0\u00a0 NASA already has an advantageous view of Earth from space, due to the fleet of Earth-observing satellites that provide high quality data on the planet\u2019s interconnected environment. In order to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":16493,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[3478,789,3477,809],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Four\u00a0Earth science missions to be undertaken by NASA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In\u00a02022, four\u00a0separate\u00a0Earth science missions will be launched by NASA.\u00a0They intend to\u00a0investigate fundamental climate systems and processes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/four-earth-science-missions-undertaken-nasa\/16490\/\" \/>\n<meta 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