{"id":16249,"date":"2021-12-01T11:15:37","date_gmt":"2021-12-01T11:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=16249"},"modified":"2022-01-24T12:43:48","modified_gmt":"2022-01-24T12:43:48","slug":"scientists-produce-rare-earth-elements-separation-technology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/scientists-produce-rare-earth-elements-separation-technology\/16249\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientists produce rare earth elements separation technology"},"content":{"rendered":"

New rare earth element separation technology provides insight into how to cost-effective separate in-demand rare-earth elements can be, dramatically shifting the industry to benefit producers in the United States.<\/h2>\n

A new technology for rare-earth elements chemical separation has been licensed to Marshallton Research Laboratories<\/a>, a North Carolina-based manufacturer of organic chemicals for various industries. It was established by scientists from Oak Ridge National Laboratory<\/a> and Idaho National Laboratory<\/a> in the Department of Energy\u2019s Critical Materials Institute (CMI).<\/a><\/p>\n

CMI is supported by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy\u2019s Advanced Manufacturing Office. They work to decarbonise industries and increase the competitiveness of US manufacturing and clean energy sectors through processes of innovations, collaborations, research and technical assistance and workforce training. CMI pursues ways to eliminate and reduce reliance on rare earth metals and other materials critical to the success of clean energy technologies <\/a>to encourage better use of materials.\u00a0Their technology provides critical insight into how to cost-effectively separate in-demand rare-earth elements, which could dramatically shift industry to benefit producers in the United States.<\/p>\n

Rare earth element properties<\/h3>\n

The unique electronic properties of rare-earth elements (REE\u2019s) that are a grouped in 17 metallic elements, including 15 lanthanides as well as yttrium and scandium, make them critical for producing electronics, optical technologies, alloys, and high-performance magnets. These powerful, permanent magnets are vital to clean energy technology and defence applications.<\/p>\n

However, individual rare earth elements<\/a> do not occur in minable concentrations in the Earth\u2019s crust but are instead naturally mineralised together require chemical separation in order for use in technological applications. Unfortunately, their physical and chemical similarities make them extremely difficult and costly to separate while generating a lot of waste. Extraction and separation of REEs for technological applications occurs largely overseas.<\/p>\n

Extraction agents<\/h3>\n

In order to achieve the growing requirements for these materials and to limit the nation\u2019s reliance on foreign sources, ORNL and INL scientists working under the banner of CMI have applied their extensive expertise in chemical synthesis, separations, and engineering to design and produce new extraction agents. They are based on diglycolamide (DGA) ligands and a corresponding process for separating lanthanides that outperforms current technology.<\/p>\n

\u201cAt Marshallton, our purpose is to become a domestic, strategically reliable supplier of DGA extractants for rare-earth elements,\u201d said Mac Foster, co-owner of Marshallton and a collaborator on the technology. \u201cWe expect to service pilot-plant and commercial operations in ore processing, recovery from mining tailings and recycling. We\u2019re excited to further explore what these new extractants can achieve.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rare earth elements are typically separated using liquid extraction, which uses ligands, organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, as extractants to selectively bind the REE ions. An oily solvent containing the extractant is then mixed vigorously with a REE-rich aqueous solution and allowed to separate in the same manner as oil and vinegar for a salad dressing. During this process, the REEs are transferred into the organic solvent, thus forming complexes with the extractant molecules. DGAs display a higher affinity for lanthanides with smaller ionic radius, allowing individual REEs to be separated from one another in multiple stages.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur goal was to identify an extractant that surpasses the performance of the state-of-the-art ligands that are currently used in industry,\u201d explained ORNL\u2019s Santa Jansone-Popova. \u201cThe compound widely used is a phosphorous based extractant, called PC88A, and since its selectivity is relatively low, a lot of separation stages are required along with generation of additional waste throughout the process.\u201d<\/p>\n

Selectivity and separation factors<\/h3>\n

Selectivity is the degree to which a solvent favours one metal over another and is described by a unit called separation factor. For instance, when seeking to separate adjacent lanthanides neodymium and praseodymium, that are both used in high-powered magnets, the phosphorus-based extractant\u2019s separation factor is around 1.2, which is especially low. \u201cYou have to run the extraction many, many times to separate adjacent lanthanides completely,\u201d Jansone-Popova said. \u201cWe need to improve the economics of the process, reduce the waste, reduce the complexity \u2013 limit the steps it takes to achieve separation.\u201d<\/p>\n

ORNL\u2019s Chemical Science Division had been investigating an alternative DGA known as TOGDA, which has a separation factor of 2.5, which is a big improvement over the phosphorus-based extractant. Nevertheless, a key variable in the economics of the process is loading capacity, meaning how many grams per litre of extractants can be held in the organic solvent without adverse reactions. TODGA could only handle about one-fifth of what the phosphorous-based extract could.<\/p>\n

Kevin Lyon, an INL chemical engineer with expertise in applied solvent extraction who tested and developed the process design for the licensed technology added that \u201cthe extractant concentrations we were limited to were not adequate compared to the industry standard. At higher concentrations, we run into things like gelling or precipitation, which are detrimental to the process. If you think of the process as a conveyor belt, we want to be able to load that conveyor belt up as high as we can, or at least competitive with what industry does, to make it cost effective.\u201d<\/p>\n

Chemically modifying the structure of DGAs<\/h3>\n

Jansone-Popova recognised that by chemically modifying the structure of DGAs, she might improve their properties and their efficiency in extracting REEs. Her team at ORNL began a systematic approach to applying structural changes to the DGA ligands. They did this by adding a range of substituents known as alkyls, that are fatty organic groups that exclusively contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. These groups can be arranged into different structural configurations. For example, their length and shape can be altered, branches created, or linear chains transformed into cyclic arrangements.<\/p>\n

The ORNL team sent the trial ligands off to Lyon to test under their industrial operating conditions using a counter-current solvent extraction system which involves a series of vessels that mix and settle the materials to separate out rare earth element compounds through a sequence of liquid-liquid extraction stages. During this mixing process, the ligands attract the metal ions using electron-rich donor groups, binding the metal ions in a synchronised manner. Extracting certain lanthanides depends on ligands having the right number and arrangement of functional groups, that are atoms within a molecule that can maintain functionality independently of other atoms in the molecule. It also relies on the size of the ligands and their ability to mix with the oily organic solvent.<\/p>\n

The ORNL team have also designed, synthesised, and established a library of chemically modified ligands, in collaboration with Lyon. Aiming to narrow the field of novel agents for industrial application that could potentially outperform state-of-the-art technology in REE selectivity. Each agent performs differently based on its physical arrangement and the electronic activity it prompts. \u201cThe TOGDA extractant, when saturated with REE ions, would rapidly transform from the liquid phase into a gel or precipitate,\u201d Jansone-Popova explained. \u201cThe new DGA ligands allow the system to remain homogenous even at higher extractant concentrations and maintain good selectivity.\u201d<\/p>\n

In separating REEs, the new ligands achieved a selectivity range of 2.5\u20133.1, a staggering improvement for these critical materials. The team then took on the challenge of scaling up the process to be viable for industry use. \u201cThe process was very iterative; minute changes in the structures of these molecules have impact,\u201d Lyon said. \u201cThe bottom line is that a new technology has to be economically viable. We\u2019re very driven by input from industry and the methods they use.\u201d<\/p>\n

ORNL\u2019s Bruce Moyer, who leads the CMI focus area for diversifying supply and is a collaborator on the licensed technology said that \u201cmost rare earth elements separation extractants have a separation factor of about 1.5 for adjacent lanthanides across the series, if we get to 2, that\u2019s good. If we get to 2.5, that\u2019s really starting to save some money. If we can get to 3, we\u2019re really happy. We\u2019ve gotten to 6.7 with one of Santa\u2019s ligands.\u201d<\/p>\n

In his role at CMI, Moyer oversees a portfolio of research projects investigating how to expand the supply of rare earth elements through innovative processes. \u201cCMI\u2019s goal is to provide the best separation technology to industry,\u201d said Moyer. \u201cWe\u2019ve selected these DGAs because they have the potential to reduce the consumption of chemicals and production of waste, thereby lowering costs. They\u2019re more selective, which reduces the number of stages needed, reducing the overall capital cost of building a plant.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New rare earth element separation technology provides insight into how to cost-effective separate in-demand rare-earth elements can be, dramatically shifting the industry to benefit producers in the United States. A new technology for rare-earth elements chemical separation has been licensed to Marshallton Research Laboratories, a North Carolina-based manufacturer of organic chemicals for various industries. It […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":16250,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24204],"tags":[649,24203,763,833,24308],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nScientists produce rare earth elements separation technology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"New rare earth element separation technology provides insight into how to cost-effective separate in-demand rare-earth elements can be.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/scientists-produce-rare-earth-elements-separation-technology\/16249\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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