{"id":13805,"date":"2021-08-05T16:06:39","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T15:06:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=13805"},"modified":"2021-08-05T16:06:39","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T15:06:39","slug":"spitzer-telescope-greater-understanding-star-explosions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/spitzer-telescope-greater-understanding-star-explosions\/13805\/","title":{"rendered":"Spitzer\u00a0Telescope leads to greater understanding of star explosions\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

NASA\u2019s Spitzer telescope\u00a0can see through the haze of star explosions,\u00a0thus\u00a0giving scientists a greater understanding of how these explosions occur.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

Star explosions \u2013 the death throes<\/a> of massive stars \u2013 are often presumed to be some of the brightest and most powerful explosions in the Universe, and therefore hard to miss. However, the number of these explosions witnessed in the distant parts of the Universe\u00a0actually fall\u00a0far very short of\u00a0astrophysicists\u2019 predictions.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Spitzer Telescope<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Utilising data from NASA\u2019s recently retired\u00a0<\/span>Spitzer Space Telescope<\/span><\/a>, scientists have conducted a novel study,\u00a0published in the\u00a0<\/span>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical\u00a0Society<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0which\u00a0has led to the detection of\u00a0five supernovae that, going unobserved in optical light, had\u00a0not\u00a0been seen before.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Spitzer saw the\u00a0Universe in infrared light, which pierces through dust clouds that block optical light \u2013 the kind of light our eyes see and that unobscured supernovae radiate most brightly.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Detecting supernovae<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

In order to\u00a0find\u00a0currently undetected supernovae, the team studied\u00a0Spitzer observations of 40 dusty galaxies.\u00a0In these galaxies,\u00a0the researchers discovered\u00a0a large number of\u00a0supernovae,\u00a0thereby\u00a0confirming\u00a0that supernovae occur as regularly as scientists expect them to.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This\u00a0hypothesis\u00a0is based on scientists\u2019 current understanding of\u00a0the evolution of stars, and studies like this are essential to enhance that understanding<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0by either strengthening or challenging certain aspects of it.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThese results with Spitzer show that the optical surveys we\u2019ve long relied on for detecting supernovae miss up to half of the stellar explosions happening out there in the universe,\u201d\u00a0explained\u00a0Ori Fox, a scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, and lead author of the new study.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s very good news that the number of supernovae we\u2019re seeing with Spitzer is statistically consistent with theoretical predictions.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This \u2018supernova discrepancy\u2019\u00a0\u2013 the discrepancy between the number of forecast supernovae and the\u00a0quantity\u00a0actually\u00a0detected\u00a0by optical telescopes \u2013 is not a\u00a0problem\u00a0in the nearby\u00a0Universe. There, galaxies have slowed their pace of star formation and are\u00a0typically\u00a0far\u00a0less dusty.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Testing the hypothesis<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Whereas, in\u00a0the more\u00a0distant throws\u00a0of the\u00a0Universe, galaxies appear younger, generate stars at higher rates, and\u00a0generally\u00a0have\u00a0greater\u00a0quantities\u00a0of dust. This dust absorbs and scatters optical and ultraviolet light, blocking it from reaching telescopes.\u00a0Therefore,\u00a0scientists\u00a0have long\u00a0theorised\u00a0that the missing supernovae must exist and are just unseen.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBecause the local universe has calmed down a bit since its early years of star-making, we see the expected numbers of supernovae with typical optical searches,\u201d\u00a0commented\u00a0Fox. \u201cThe observed supernova-detection percentage goes down, however, as you get farther away and back to cosmic epochs where dustier galaxies dominated.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The ability to discover supernovae at such long distances is difficult;\u00a0in order to\u00a0accomplish this\u00a0pursuit of\u00a0supernovae cloaked\u00a0by the\u00a0murkier galactic realms,\u00a0but at\u00a0smaller\u00a0distances,\u00a0the group chose\u00a0a local set of 40 dust-choked galaxies,\u00a0called\u00a0luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs). The dust in LIRGs and ULIRGs absorbs optical light from objects like supernovae but\u00a0enables\u00a0infrared light from these same objects to pass through unobstructed\u00a0so that\u00a0telescopes\u00a0such as\u00a0Spitzer\u00a0can identify them.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The team\u2019s theory demonstrated itself to be accurate when the five never-before-seen supernovae came to infrared light. \u201cIt\u2019s a testament to Spitzer\u2019s discovery potential that the telescope was able to pick up the signal of hidden supernovae from these dusty galaxies,\u201d noted Fox.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt was especially fun for several of our undergraduate students to meaningfully contribute to this exciting research,\u201d added study co-author Alex\u00a0Filippenko, a professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley. \u201cThey helped answer the question, \u2018Where have all the supernovae gone?\u2019\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Core-collapse supernovae<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

The supernovae discovered by the telescope are referred to as \u201ccore-collapse supernovae,\u201d\u00a0and they encompass massive stars more than eight times larger than the Sun in terms of mass. As they age and their cores fill with iron, these gigantic stars are no longer able to generate the amount of energy needed to resist their own gravity, causing their cores to\u00a0abruptly and cataclysmically collapse.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you have a handle on how many stars are forming, then you can predict how many stars will explode,\u201d said Fox. \u201cOr, vice versa, if you have a handle on how many stars are exploding, you can predict how many stars are forming. Understanding that relationship is critical for many areas of study in astrophysics.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Next-generation telescopes, including NASA\u2019s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, will also detect infrared light.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOur study has shown that star formation models are more consistent with supernova rates than previously thought,\u201d said Fox. \u201cAnd by revealing these hidden supernovae, Spitzer has set the stage for new kinds of discoveries with the Webb and Roman space telescopes.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NASA\u2019s Spitzer telescope\u00a0can see through the haze of star explosions,\u00a0thus\u00a0giving scientists a greater understanding of how these explosions occur.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":13807,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[771],"tags":[818,801,3477,24197],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSpitzer\u00a0Telescope leads to greater understanding of star explosions\u00a0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"NASA\u2019s Spitzer telescope\u00a0can see through the haze of star explosions,\u00a0giving scientists a greater understanding of how these explosions occur.\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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