{"id":13783,"date":"2021-08-05T10:09:56","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T09:09:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/?p=13783"},"modified":"2021-08-05T10:09:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T09:09:56","slug":"groundbreaking-discovery-protein-bend-cells-cytoskeleton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innovationnewsnetwork.com\/groundbreaking-discovery-protein-bend-cells-cytoskeleton\/13783\/","title":{"rendered":"Groundbreaking\u00a0discovery of protein that\u00a0can bend a cell\u2019s cytoskeleton\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Researchers at the University of Warwick have discovered a protein that bends the cytoskeleton of cells, twisting them into novel shapes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

This unique cell cytoskeleton twisting protein, known as\u00a0the\u00a0\u2018curly\u2019 protein, may play a fundamental role in cell division, a process vital to all living matter. As well as this, it offers\u00a0biologists an exciting new engineering tool that can be utilised to modify cell shapes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The \u2018curly\u2019 protein<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

According to the Warwick researchers, a protein that causes a cell\u2019s cytoskeleton to bend, thus enabling the cell to twist into various shapes, may be key to the process of cell division.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

By\u00a0causing\u00a0the cytoskeleton\u00a0to\u00a0bend\u00a0inwardly\u00a0to a tight point at its\u00a0core, one cell divides into two \u2013 much like how you would make a balloon animal by twisting. This \u2018curly\u2019\u00a0protein has been\u00a0detected\u00a0twisting\u00a0the material that\u00a0comprises\u00a0the cytoskeleton for the first time.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The team\u2019s results, which have been obtained from research supported by the\u00a0<\/span>European Research Council<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Wellcome\u00a0Trust, have been published in the journal\u00a0<\/span>eLife<\/span><\/i>, and indicate novel and exciting ways that cells can be modified and engineered.\u00a0On top of this, the results could lead to a greater understanding o<\/span>f<\/span>\u00a0how they replicate \u2013 a process vital to all living organisms.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Understanding cell division<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

All living matter is made up of cells, which are\u00a0encompassed\u00a0by a delicate, yet\u00a0malleable membrane\u00a0similar to\u00a0a balloon. This is\u00a0reinforced\u00a0by a cytoskeleton, made up\u00a0of a material called actin,\u00a0that\u00a0provides\u00a0shape\u00a0and stability to cells. Filaments of actin are semi-flexible and\u00a0generally\u00a0straight,\u00a0and it has long been\u00a0believed\u00a0that they\u00a0establish\u00a0structures by stacking together like matchsticks.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Throughout\u00a0the process of\u00a0cell division,\u00a0a cell will\u00a0develop\u00a0a cytokinetic ring,\u00a0which is\u00a0a type of machinery comprised of actin and motor proteins called myosin,\u00a0along\u00a0the centre of the surrounding membrane. The\u00a0myosins\u00a0then constrict the actin filaments and squeeze the cell down its middle until it\u00a0separates.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Until now, scientists believed that the actin filaments that form the cytokinetic ring split up as the cell is squeezed tighter. An interdisciplinary partnership between Professor Mohan Balasubramanian, Dr Saravanan Palani (now at the Indian Institute of Science) and Dr Darius K\u00f6ster at the University of Warwick was,<\/span>\u00a0therefore,<\/span>\u00a0amazed\u00a0to\u00a0discover\u00a0that a segment of the protein Rng2, nicknamed \u2018curly\u2019, can naturally\u00a0bend\u00a0actin, with 10 micrometres of actin\u00a0creating\u00a0a ring less than a micrometre in diameter.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This indicates that\u00a0\u2018curly\u2019\u00a0could play\u00a0a\u00a0significant\u00a0role in\u00a0enabling\u00a0the cytokinetic ring to shrink tightly enough to divide a cell.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Balasubramanian, one of the leading researchers, discovered Rng2 \u2013 an important protein in this process \u2013 over two decades ago, but only now have the researchers been able to make the fundamental observation that the protein can bend\u00a0actin filaments into rings.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rng2 is related to the highly conserved IQGAP family of proteins\u00a0<\/span>that\u00a0<\/span>are<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>present\u00a0<\/span>in an array of things,\u00a0<\/span>from yeast to human<\/span>s<\/span>, so the results\u00a0of this research\u00a0could\u00a0be\u00a0applicable\u00a0to other cells as well, including human\u00a0cells.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6ster,\u00a0of Warwick Medical School,\u00a0said: \u201cWhat we show is if we have this protein on the membrane and we polymerise fresh actin filaments at the membrane, representing what is happening in the cytokinetic ring, the actin starts to bend. If\u00a0you\u00a0have it in a cell, it\u2019s a curved surface<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0so the actin would curve.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAs far as we know, there are no other proteins<\/a> doing this kind of job with individual filaments. If you look inside cells, there are\u00a0definitely curved\u00a0actin structures, but it was thought that they were stacks of very short straight filaments packed together. This opens the perspective that it could be geometries and certain organelles that the\u00a0actin\u00a0is actually wound around.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The reconstitution\u00a0approach<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

The\u00a0team\u00a0employed\u00a0something called\u00a0a reconstitution approach,\u00a0whereby\u00a0they\u00a0investigate\u00a0an\u00a0intricate\u00a0system by\u00a0dividing\u00a0it into its constituent parts, then\u00a0reconstruct\u00a0it to\u00a0decipher\u00a0which\u00a0role each individual element plays.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the research, the\u00a0group\u00a0produced\u00a0a lipid bilayer to\u00a0characterise\u00a0the cell membrane and experimented with adding\u00a0various\u00a0proteins to it that are\u00a0typically\u00a0located\u00a0at the interface with the cytokinetic ring during cell division.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

They then added actin filaments and myosin to represent the ring itself.\u00a0Through this, they discovered\u00a0that\u00a0when \u2018curly\u2019 was present,\u00a0the actin\u00a0formed\u00a0highly curved structures,\u00a0which is\u00a0behaviour not normally\u00a0observed\u00a0in these kinds of experiments.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This\u00a0opens the\u00a0prospect\u00a0of\u00a0utilising\u00a0\u2018curly\u2019 as a tool to engineer\u00a0various\u00a0shapes of cells. Scientists could\u00a0potentially\u00a0use it to\u00a0alter\u00a0the cytoskeleton and twist the cell into new shapes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr\u00a0K\u00f6ster\u00a0added: \u201cWe have very few tools we can use to modify the cell cortex<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0and for the first time<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0we have a way to engineer bent actin structures. Since we can express it in cells and the cells react to it, we can use it to modify what the cell cortex looks like.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis can help us to really understand how curved actin can deform membranes, or whether the cell uses this as a mechanism to control certain processes. There seem to be some proteins that like to twist and change the curvature of actin<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0and if that\u2019s happening<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0then it\u2019s very likely that there will be other proteins that take that as an information cue.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Researchers at the University of Warwick have discovered a protein that bends the cytoskeleton of cells, twisting them into novel shapes.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":13784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[766,24429],"tags":[3475],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGroundbreaking\u00a0discovery of protein that\u00a0can bend a cell\u2019s cytoskeleton\u00a0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers at the University of Warwick have discovered a protein that bends the cytoskeleton of cells, twisting them into novel shapes.\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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